句型分析

五大基本句型

(一) S +Vi：主詞 + 動詞(不及物動詞)
例：The car stopped. (那輛車停住了)
The big dog barks. (那隻大狗在叫)
Her smile appears. (她的笑容露出來了)
The children who had been ignored by his mother cried loudly so that she would pay attention to him.
main clause is : The children cried loudly.
compound syntax is : so that she would pay attention to him
complex syntax is : who had been ignored by his mother (adj .cl)

(二) S + Vt + O：主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 (Vt為及物動詞所以要有受詞)
例：My sister broke the vase. (我的姊姊打破那個花瓶)
I like you. (我喜歡你)
Since customer started complaining ,the Chinese restaurant at the street corner has been offing food that contains No Msg.

受詞（object）在句子中充當動作的承受者，因此一般都放在及物動詞（transitive verb）之後。

(三)S + V + C：主詞 + 動詞 + 補語
例：He looks hot. (他看起來很熱)
He is a teacher. (他是一位老師)
She is an outstanding stock broker. (她是一個傑出的股票經紀人)

(五) S + V + O + OC：主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 + 受詞補語
例：People elected him President in this year's election.
(人民在今年的選舉中選它為總統)
His irresponsibility made his whole family miserable.
(他的不負責任使得他的家人悲慘)

(四) S + V + IO + DO：主詞 + 動詞 + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞
例： He made me a cup of coffee. = He made a cup of coffee for me. (他泡了一杯咖啡給我)
My mother used to tell me bedtime stories every night. =
My mother used to tell bedtime stories to me every night.
(我母親過去曾每天晚上睡前說故事給我聽)


只要掌握了五大句型，以後寫簡單句（simple sentence）、合句（compound sentence）、複句（complex sentence）、複合句（compound-complex sentence），都可以避免犯文法錯誤了。

The element of sentences

(1)Subject(主部) and Predicate(述部)
(2)Object(受詞)
(3)Complement(補語)
(4)Modifier(修飾語)
(5)Phrase(片語)
(6)Clause(子句)


句子的種類（Kinds of Sentences）

句子依其結構可分類如下：

（一）Simple sentences（簡單句）即，不含子句的句子，
例如：I want to buy it.
Mary and Betty are classmates.
Seeing me, he ran away.

（二）Compound sentences（合句=對等子句+對等子句）
例如：They went up, and we came down.
He is poor, but he is happy.
　
（三）Complex sentences（複句=主要子句＋從屬子句）
例如：I will let you know if he comes.
I know where he lives.
　
（四）Compound-complex sentences（複合句=對等子句＋對等子句＋從屬子句）
例如：It is true that he is old, but he is still strong.

名詞子句的簡化

若關代為主詞時
方法:1. 刪關代 2. 動詞變分詞 3. 若動詞為Be動詞時,可省略
The girl who danced here yesterday is my sister.
>The girl danced here yesterday is my sister.
I like the car which is parked in front of the post office.
>I like the car is parked in front of the post office.

主詞與動詞省略
I don't know what I should do.
> I don't know what to do.

The children expact that they can got presents for christmas.
>The children expact to get presents for christmas.

I think it strange that man ahould fear ghosts.
> I think it strange to fear ghosts.

I imageined that a beautiful girl was sining to me.
>I imageined a beautiful girl sining to me.

That he calls my girl friend every day is too much for me.
>His calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me.

It is sort of place where you expect great machine to be built (adv.cl) - a cramped, windowsless room where keyboard wires and screen cables coil round cup of stale coffee(n.cl) .
>great machine to be built 省略自 that great machine should be built

While (she was 省略) searching for record producer(adv.cl), chang hit upon the idea of making a movie of the same name that would map out the three decade (adj.cl)she call "A woman golden age ".
>that would map out 可以簡化為 maping out

中式英文的問題

仔細看了看，不少的確是我當初學英語時犯過的錯誤。其實這也是大部分學英語的中國人不可避免的，而且自己也未必注意到，把這個好專題轉過來和大家一起分享！

1. I very like it

　　　I like it very much. 　

2. 這個價格對我挺合適的。

　　The price is very suitable for me.

　　　The price is right.

　　

NOTE：suitable(合適的、相配的)最常見的用法是以否定的形式出現在告示或通知上，如：下列節目兒童不宜。The following program is not suitable for children在這組句子中用後面的說法會更合適。

　　

3. 你是做什麼工作的呢？What’s your job?

　　　Are you working at the moment?

　　NOTE：what’s your job這種說法難道也有毛病嗎？是的。因為如果您的談話物件剛剛失業，如此直接的問法會讓對方有失面子，所以您要問：目前您是在上班嗎？Are you working at the moment?接下來您才問：目前您在哪兒工作呢？Where are you working these days?或者您從事哪個行業呢？What line of work are you in?順帶說一下，回答這類問題時不妨說得具體一點，不要只是說經理或者秘書

　　

4. 用英語怎麼說？How to say?

　　How do you say this in English?

　　NOTE：How to say是在中國最為氾濫成災的中國式英語之一，這決不是地道的英語說法。同樣的句子有：請問這個詞如何拼寫？How do you spell that please?請問這個單詞怎麼讀？How do you pronounce this word?

　　

5. 明天我有事情要做。I have something to do tomorrow?

　　　Sorry but I am tied up all day tomorrow.

　　用I have something to do來表示您很忙，這也完全是中國式的說法。因為每時每刻我們都有事情要做，躺在那裏睡大覺也是事情。所以您可以說我很忙，脫不開身：I’m tied up.還有其他的說法：I’m afraid I can’t make it at that time. I’d love to, but I can’t, I have to stay at home.

　　

6. 我沒有英文名。I haven’t English name.

　　　I don’t have an English name.

　　NOTE：許多人講英語犯這樣的錯誤，從語法角度來分析，可能是語法功底欠缺，因為have在這裏是實義動詞，而並不是在現在完成時裏面那個沒有意義的助動詞。所以，這句話由肯定句變成否定句要加助動詞。

　　明白道理是一回事，習慣是另一回事，請您再說幾話：我沒有錢；I don’t have any money.我沒有兄弟姐妹；I don’t have any brothers or sisters.我沒有車。I don’t have a car.

　　

7. 我想我不行。I think I can’t.

　　　　I don’t think I can.

　　NOTE：這一組然是個習慣問題，在語法上稱為否定前置，這就是漢語裏面說“我想我不會”的時候，英語裏面總是說“我不認為我會”。以後您在說類似的英語句子的時候，只要您留心，也會習慣英語的說法的，

　　

8. 我的舞也跳得不好。I don’t dance well too.

　　　　I am not a very good dancer either.

　　NOTE：當我們說不擅長做什麼事情的時候，英語裏面通常用not good at something，英語的思維甚至直接踴躍到：我不是一個好的舞者。

　　

9. 現在幾點鐘了？What time is it now?

　　　　What time is it, please?

　　NOTE：What time is it now這是一個直接從漢語翻譯過的句子，講英語的時候沒有必要說now,因為您不可能問what time was it yesterday, 或者what time is it tommorow?所以符合英語習慣的說法是：請問現在幾點了？還有一種說法是：How are we doing for time?這句話在有時間限制的時候特別合適

　　

10. 我的英語很糟糕。My English is poor.

　　　I am not 100% fluent, but at least I am improving.

NOTE：有人開玩笑說，全中國人最擅長的一句英文是：My English is poor.實話說，我從來沒有遇到一個美國人對我說：My Chinese is poor. 無論他們的漢語是好是壞，他們會說: I am still having a few problem, but I getting better.

　　當您告訴外國人，您的英語很poor，so what(那又怎麼樣呢)，是要讓別人當場施捨給我們一些英語呢，還是說我的英語不好，咱們不談了吧。

　　另外一個更大的弊端是，一邊不停的學英語，一邊不停地說自己的英語很poor,這正像有個人一邊給車胎充氣，又一邊在車胎上紮孔放氣。

　　所以您可以實事求事地說，我的英語還不算十分流利，但至少我在進步。

Adjective型容詞

In grammar, an adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun or a pronoun, usually by describing it or making its meaning more specific. Adjectives exist in most languages.(from wikipedia)

Descriptive adjectives :
1)opinion (explains what you think about something): silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult
2)size (how big or small something) : big, small, little large, tiny, enormous(size + length + width)
3)age ( how young or old something or someone is): old, young,ancient, new
4)shap (It describes the shape of something): flat, damon,square, round, flat, rectangular
5)color : blue, pink, reddish, grey
6)origin : Janpennes,French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek
7)material :wooden, metal, cotton, paper
8)Purpose : Purpose A purpose adjective describes what something is used for. These adjectives often end with “-ing”.Examples:sleeping (as in “sleeping bag”), roasting (as in “roasting tin”)

ex : May bought a beautiful, round, pink, Japanese strawberry cake.

Quantitative adjectives :
many : He has a few books. He has many friends.
many a + 單數n
ex : I have visited many contrys. = I have visited many a contry.
a member of , a great/good/large number of

可數 不可數
many much
a number of an mount of
a large number of a large amount of
few little
a few a little

可數,不可數均可使用
a lot of = lots of
some
plenty of (many)

ex : I have a lot of books.
I have lots of books.
I eat a lot. I eat a lot of food.
It rain a lot.

not a few = many = quit a few
ex : There are not a few children playing games in the park.

not a little = much = quit a little
He has not a little money but I have not a few books.

enough + 可數 n or 可數n + enough
+ 不可數 n 不可數 +
ex : I have enough money to bu a car.
I have money enough to buy a car.

adj + enough
ex: He is old enough to go school.

not.......enough = too ....... to
ex : His is too young to go to school.
He is so young that he can't go to school.

several + 可數n
I've read the book several times.
He know saveral langurage.

英文基本五大句型

１．主詞＋不及物動詞

說明：動詞本身就可表達完整的意念，不需受詞及補語，但可用副詞修飾

句型：S+Vi+(Adv.)

例句：He always smiles.

２．主詞＋不及物動詞＋主詞補語

說明：動詞本身不能表達完整的意義，需要主詞補語

句型：S+Vi+SC

例句：The soup tastes delicious.

３．主詞＋及物動詞＋受詞

說明：動詞本身需要一個受詞，即可句意完整

句型：S+Vt+O

例句：I like taking pictures of birds and insects.

４．主詞＋及物動詞＋間接受詞（人）＋直接受詞（事物）

說明：動詞本身需要兩個受，句意才能完整

句型：S+Vt+IO+DO

例句：She told her children an interesting story.

５．主詞＋及物動詞＋受詞＋受詞補語

說明：動詞本身除了一個受詞之外，還需要一個受詞補語，句意才能完整

句型：S+Vt+O+OC

例句：I found the room empty.



　　相信大家用I do与You look handsome/ beautiful 两句简单句子，就把英文文法五大基本句型的两种S+V与S+V+C轻易记住了。

　　只要掌握了五大句型，以后写简单句（simple sentence）、合句（compound sentence）、复句（complex sentence）、复合句（compound-complex sentence），都可以避免犯文法错误了。

　　第三种句型S+V+O（subject主语+verb动词+object受词）又怎样轻易牢记呢？何谓受词呢？

　　受词（object）在句子中充当动作的承受者，因此一般都放在及物动词（transitive verb）之后。

　　请你现在又回到教堂行婚礼好吗？

　　你情不自禁的欲向你的新郎／新娘子表示爱意，于是说：“I love you.”

　　从此，文法上的第三种基本句型S+V+O也同时永镌心版矣。

　　句中的I自然是主语subject啦，love是动词，而you就是受词object了。

　　现在你只要轻轻朗读I do, you look handsome, I love you，就可牢记三大基本句型了。

　　第四种S+V+O+C与第五种S+V+O+O又怎样轻易记牢呢？

　　先来轻松牢记第四种基本句型S+V+O+C（Subject主语+verb动词+object受词+complement补语）。

　　请再幻想回到教堂行婚礼，这时你温柔地对新郎/新娘说：You make me happy.

　　是不是很轻易就把S+V+O+C这个句型记住啊？

　　然而，有一点需要补充说明：这句中的happy是受词补语（object complement），通常放在直接受词后面，补语的意义也和受词有关，所以You make me happy（即I am happy）与前面举的例句You look handsome（即You are handsome）这类主语补语（subject complement）是有分别的。

　　现在再回到回教堂去记最后一个句型：S+V+O+O（subject主语+verb动词+object+object）。

　　两个object中，前一个叫间接受词（indirect object），后一个叫直接受词（direct object）。

　　神父／牧师宣布你俩已是合法夫妻后，你们自然得如银幕上的男女主角般轻轻拥吻，于是你轻轻地说：I'll give you a kiss.

　　最后一个句型S+V+O+O已给你轻易记住了

V-ing Phrases

句型 : S1+V1 and S2+V2 -> S1+V1, S2 + V2ing

Jim was playing tennis. He hurt his arm.
>Jim hurt hid arm playing tennis.

You were feeling tired. So you went to bed early.
>Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
PS : If the -ing phrase is first, we write a comma(,) after it.

When two things happen at the same time, you can use -ing for one of the verbs.
Carol is in the kitchen making coffee. (=she is in the kitchen and she is making coffee)
A man ran out of the house shouting. (=he ran out of the house and he was shouting)
Do something! Don't just stand there doing nothing.

We also -ing when one action happens during another action. We use -ing for the longer action.
The longer action is the second part of sentence :
>Jim hurt his arm playing tennis.(= while he was playing)
>Did you cut yourself shaving?(= while you were shaving)

You can also use -ing after while or when :
>Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
>Be careful when crossing the road. (= when you are crossing)

When one action happens before another action, we use having done for the first action :
>Having found a hotel, we looked for someplace to have dinner.
>Having fished her work, she went home.

You can also say after -ing
>After finishing her work, she went home.

If one short action follows another short action, you can use simple -ing from(doing instead of having done) for the first action.
>Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.

These structures are used more in written English than in spoke English.

You can use the an -ing phrase to explain something or to say why somebody does something.
The -ing phrase usually come first
>Feeling tired, I went to bed early. = because I felt tired
>Being unemployed, he doesn't have much money. = because he is unemployed
>Not having card, she find it difficult to get around. = because she doesn't have car
>Having already seen the movie twice, I didn't want to go to the movie. = because I had already seen it twice.